Mirinda Tyo

Substance use disorder (SUD) research has shifted to focus on strength-based approaches and resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-25 (CD-RISC-25) has been widely used to measure resilience in the general population, individuals with SUD, and individuals with mental health conditions. However, there is no globally accepted standard measure of resilience, and the lack of a consistent conceptual definition and limited psychometric information for instruments in SUD research publications, contributes to methodological challenges. The purpose of this study was to appraise the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC-25 and evaluate the scale's performance in SUD research using the Psychometric Reliability & Investigation of Research Instruments (PRIORI) rubric. Cochrane Rapid Review criteria were used to synthesize and evaluate 48 published peer-reviewed articles that used the CD-RISC-25 to measure resilience in individuals with SUD. The PRIORI rubric was used to appraise the articles for the conceptual definition of resilience, reliability, validity, results related to resilience, and performance of the CD-RISC-25. Cronbach's alpha for the CD-RISC-25 in populations with SUD provided support for use of the measure among different populations with SUD. Most authors reported face validity; however, sufficient data were available in most publications to also support criterion and construct validity. Appraisal scores for the CD-RISC-25 used in populations with SUD suggested the CD-RISC-25 scale was a good measure of resilience. The PRIORI rubric allowed researchers to critically appraise the performance of the CD-RISC-25 in the reviewed SUD research articles. Findings suggest the CD-RISC-25 was valid and reliable when used to measure resilience in diverse populations with SUD. Adopting the CD-RISC-25 as the gold standard measure of resilience could help address the methodological challenges identified in SUD research.

Mixed methods research is essential to development of patient reported outcome measures, digital technology, and endpoint selection for clinical drug trials, and to advance clinical care, when complex health-related experiences cannot be fully understood by quantitative or qualitative approaches alone. New technology and opportunities for remote data collection have changed the ways in which qualitative and quantitative data can be collected, enabling researchers to capture human experiences in ways not previously possible. This paper describes Perspective Mapping, a new online interviewing technique that uses mind mapping software to capture in-depth qualitative data inside a quantitative measurement framework to understand and measure individual experiences. The objective of this tutorial is to review the theoretical underpinnings, present instructions for study design and implementation, and address strengths, limitations, and potential applications of this technique in health and behavioral sciences. During online interviews, mind-mapping software is used to visually depict experiences. Structured concept maps are co-created in real time with participants, focusing on building detailed narrative descriptions about experiences and categorizing these within a predefined quantitative framework, such as the relative importance of different experiences relevant to a phenomenon. The approach combines semi-structured interviewing with technology enhanced card-sorting techniques, allowing participants to define and prioritize what matters most. The method ensures narrative richness alongside structured data collection, facilitating deeper understanding of phenomena. Perspective Mapping emphasizes participant engagement in data generation and analysis and enables the simultaneous collection of qualitative narratives and quantitative assessment of key concepts. The technique has been successfully applied in research on chronic illness, symptom burden, and digital health technology. Advantages of the approach include systematic collection of qualitative data, transparent and structured data outputs, real-time data validation, and ability to return maps to participants as a form of reciprocity. Feasibility factors such as interviewer capabilities, participant literacy, interview duration, and technology resources must be considered. Perspective Mapping offers an innovative and engaging way to gather complimentary qualitative and quantitative data remotely. By blending qualitative depth with quantitative structure, the technique supports richer, more actionable insights for health research, policy, and beyond. This technique holds promise for applications in health, psychology, education, and other social sciences where comprehensive understanding of experiences is essential.