Abstract
•Areliability evaluation framework is proposed for PBS with reconfigurable mechanisms.•Reconfiguration is modeled as a nonlinear programming problem, embedded within MSDD.•Lexicographic maximization ensures the uniqueness of the reconfiguration results.•Asimplified procedural framework enhances computational efficiency.•Reliability evaluation is performed under various distributions and redundancy strategies.
Performance-based balanced systems, such as battery energy storage systems, are widely used in various fields. These systems typically include warm standby components to prevent failures from single faults or performance imbalances. Once a failure occurs, the system reconfigures by turning components on and off to restore operation. However, existing models do not fully consider reconfigurability, redundancy, and balance, but are confined to one-to-one replacement, fixed switch strategies, and single-switch scenarios. Therefore, a reliability assessment method for performance-based balanced systems with reconfigurable mechanisms and warm standby (PBS-RW) is proposed, based on multi-state multi-valued decision diagram (MSDD). First, system state transitions serve as the modeling object for constructing state-level MSDD. Then, the reconfiguration process is formulated as a multi-objective integer nonlinear programming problem to obtain post-reconfiguration states, with system-level MSDD derived through an iterative algorithm. A simplified procedural evaluation framework based on the paper-cutting algorithm is introduced to improve computational efficiency. Furthermore, the proposed method considers switching probabilities and can be applied to any failure time distribution and mixed redundancy strategy. Case studies verify its flexibility and effectiveness.