Abstract
Simultaneous control of nanoscale surface morphology and composition remains a challenge in preparing bimetallic catalysts, particularly at the large scale required for industrial application and with high-surface-area substrates. Atomic layer electroless deposition (ALED) is a scalable approach to prepare surface-modified metal powders in which elements more noble than the surface hydrides of the substrate metal are deposited layer-by-layer in a surface-limited fashion. Herein we demonstrate that high-surface-area Pt powder is a viable substrate for controlled deposition of Pd adlayers using this technique, with the potential for large-scale preparation, for use in electrocatalytic and catalytic applications such as fuel cells and functionalization of petrochemical feedstocks. Two different growth mechanisms have been proposed based on bulk and surface Pd atomic fractions obtained from atomic absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Further, spectral simulations were performed to strengthen the proposed growth mechanisms, favoring conformal growth in initial deposition followed by island formation in subsequent cycles. Observation of multiple pathways suggests a means of controlling adlayer surface morphology of ALED materials, in which an initial cycle of deposition sets the fractional coverage and subsequent cycles tune adlayer thickness.