Abstract
Since 9/11, few studies have critically assessed how gender-based harassment of veiled (hypervisible) and unveiled (invisible) women both experience distinct forms of verbal abuse (hate speech) and physical violence in public spaces. Muslim women navigate street harassment from a unique intersectional position where they encounter a spectrum of interpersonal stranger violence, including social surveillance, verbal attacks, and physical assaults. Based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with Muslim women across racial/ethnic and immigrant identity (n = 27), this article examines the unique vulnerability of survivors during the first Trump Presidential Administration (2016-2020). Findings indicate that Muslim women are targeted in various ways due to their specific marginalized statuses or social identities perpetrators associate with them: as women, as racial/ethnic minorities, and as real or imagined immigrants. Utilizing a theoretical framework of twice-racialized intersectional victimization, this study contributes to understanding invisible violence and intragender interpersonal harassment.