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Experiments on the violation of electromagnetic gauge symmetry by Yang–Mills gravity using Josephson effects in superconductors
Journal article   Peer reviewed

Experiments on the violation of electromagnetic gauge symmetry by Yang–Mills gravity using Josephson effects in superconductors

Jong-Ping Hsu and Leonardo Hsu
Modern physics letters A, Vol.40(40), 2550202
12/28/2025

Abstract

Yang–Mills gravity is a quantum theory of gravity with translational gauge symmetry that is based on a flat spacetime. The universal coupling of all quantum fields to quantum Yang–Mills gravity is based on the replacement of [Formula: see text] by the translational gauge covariant derivative [Formula: see text] in the Lagrangians of non-gravitational fields. Near the surface of the Earth, Yang–Mills gravity causes the phase gradient [Formula: see text] to be altered by a factor of [Formula: see text]. In addition, the usual gauge-invariant combination of phase gradients and electromagnetic vector potentials [Formula: see text] in Josephson junctions is modified and is no longer [Formula: see text] gauge invariant. The voltage across a Josephson junction is thus affected by the presence of the gravitational coupling constant g, and is now given by [Formula: see text]. If one were to compare the voltage across a Josephson junction in a laboratory at rest on Earth with that across a junction in free fall (e.g. in the International Space Station), Yang–Mills gravity predicts a difference on the order of 1 part in [Formula: see text], which should be detectable as the precision of the Josephson junction voltage standard is on the order of a few parts in [Formula: see text]. Measurements of two terms in [Formula: see text] can test (i) the gravitational effect on the Josephson voltage-phase relation, and (ii) the violation of the [Formula: see text] gauge symmetry in superconductors by Yang–Mills gravity.

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