Abstract
Islamophobia as fear, hatred, and prejudice against Muslims is a form of racism that results in religious intolerance, persecution, and ethnic profiling. Islamophobia in the United States is rooted in notions of orientalism and presumptions of inherent violent behavior which uphold tropes of Muslim men as terrorists and women as oppressed. Islamophobia exists at both the interpersonal level, wherein suspicion of Muslims is normalized, and structurally, as violence against Muslim communities is linked to state-enforced policies such as those implemented after September 11, 2001. Examples of such policies include the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System¹ (NSEERS; colloquially known as the