Abstract
The biological characteristics of sharks and rays, including inherent vulnerability to overfishing and tendency to migrate across multiple jurisdictions, argue for precautionary policies. The last 30 years have seen not only remarkable progress in elasmobranch appreciation and conservation but also increasingly serious depletion of many species due to inadequate protections. Elasmobranchs are also notable for being perceived as both wildlife and commodities. Bridging the divide between environmental and fisheries policy fora is essential for fulfilling conservation commitments. This chapter offers a global review of the major developments in shark and ray conservation policy with a focus on the most consequential measures: legally binding obligations and concrete limits on fishing. It details international progress, particularly through global wildlife treaties and regional fisheries management organizations. National measures are summarized with success stories showcased. Special attention is paid to the enduring obstacles to conservation that stem from insufficient attention, as well as emerging complications related to shifting pressures. The authors stress the importance of following policy milestones with focused implementation and an elevated priority for the species left behind. Opportunities for beneficial change through improved technology and information gathering, as well as expansion of conservation commitments and associated assistance programs, are explored. The most urgent elasmobranch conservation crises are highlighted, followed by recommendations that challenge people to actively engage in improving safeguards, particularly through fisheries arenas.