Abstract
The most central planetary outcome of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and black carbon is their warming effect on Earth’s atmosphere, which influences weather and climate (IPCC 2013). The Climate Science Special Report (CSSR; USGCRP 2017) concludes with high confidence that Earth’s observed temperature increase in the last century results from human influence, especially from emissions of greenhouse gases including CO2 and CH4 and particulates such as black carbon. Furthermore, CSSR (USGCRP 2017) demonstrates that the consequences of atmospheric warming are profound and diverse, significantly altering planetary surface temperatures and overall climate and thus also directly or indirectly altering countless oceanic and terrestrial processes.